Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
Professor, Department of Horticulture, Qazvin Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Qazvin, Iran
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding, Tak.c., Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.
3
PhD Student, Department of Plant breeding, Tak.c., Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.
10.22084/ab.2026.31931.1504
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran and worldwide, and its performance is strongly affected by environmental stresses, particularly cold. Sodium nitroprusside. under controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, Initially the kondori grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) seedling were subjected to cold stress (zero, two and four weeks at 40c). To investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment, varius concentrations (20, 40 , 60 μM) were added to the culture medium. Foollowing stress Application, RNA was extracted, and cDNA was synthesized using the sinaclon kit. The expression levels of CBF3, CBF4, AND EF1α (as a reference gene) were determined by SYBR Green-based Real-Time PCR. To Elucidate the molecular basis, three-dimensional structures of key molecules, including chlorophyll, carotenoids, carbohydrates, proline, protein, antioxidant compounds, APX, POD, CAT. Were Retrived from the PDB database and analyzed using PYMOL software. These analyses focused on the relationship between molecular structure, biochemical function, and their role in mitigating stress efects. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of CBF3 and CBF4 genes was undetectable in all treatments and time points, indicating a transient and time-dependent induction of these genes.. Therefore, combining PyMOL-based molecular analyses with biochemical and genetic assessments provides an integrated framework to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cold stress responses and the role of SNP in enhancing structural stability and enzymatic activity in grapevine seedlings. Correlation analysis revealed that increases in one trait were generally accompanied by enhancements in others. Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and carbohydrates were closely coordinated, reflecting a synergistic interaction in photosynthetic performance and carbon metabolism. Antioxidant enzymatic (APX, POD, and CAT) were also positively correlated, indicating a complementary and integrated defense system. This coordinated network suggests that pigments, metabolites, and enzymes collectively contribute to maintaining physiological and biochemical stability of grapevine seedlings under cold stress.
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